Sheikh ul-Islaam Ibn Taymiyyah رحمه الله stated as occurs in Majmu' al-Fatawa
(7/487):
The
texts of the Book and the Sunnah have indicated that the punishment
(due) for sins can be removed from the servant by around ten causes. They are:
The first: Repentance, and this is agreed upon amongst the Muslims.
The second cause: Seeking forgiveness.
The fourth cause: That which repels punishment, the
supplication of the believers for a believer, such as praying over his funeral.
The fifth cause: What is done for the dead of
righteous deeds such as charity and its likes.
The sixth cause: The intercession
of the Prophet (صلّى اللَّهُ عليه وسلّم) and others for the sinners on the Day of Judgement.
The seventh cause: Calamities by
which Allaah expiates sins in the life of this world.
The eighth cause: What occurs in the grave of
tribulation, compression and fear.
The ninth cause: The terrors of the Day of
Judgement and the severity of its hardships.
The tenth: The mercy of
Allaah سُبحانه وتعالى,
His pardon and forgiveness without any reason (necessitating that) from the
servant.
Comment
Note that three affairs come from a
servant himself (repentance, seeking forgiveness, good deeds). Three affairs
come from other than the servant (supplication, deeds of others which reach the
dead and intercession). And three affairs are from the calamities (of life, the
barzakh and the day of judgement) that expiate the sins. And after these
nine matters, there is left but the pure mercy of Allaah سُبحانه
وتعالى.
In this is a refutation of the
Kharijites who hold a person who dies with major sins (not having repented) is
a disbeliever in the Fire forever, since expiation of sins can take place
through other than repentance and seeking forgiveness, and exhausting those
other means (which come from other than the servant himself), there still
remains the pure mercy of Allaah, سُبحانه وتعالى.
And this in itself indicates the great MERCY of
Allaah سُبحانه وتعالى
in that He سُبحانه وتعالى
did not restrict and limit the causes of forgiveness to the servant himself.
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